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Effective temperature scale and bolometric corrections from 2MASS photometry
We present a method to determine effective temperatures, angularsemi-diameters and bolometric corrections for population I and II FGKtype stars based on V and 2MASS IR photometry. Accurate calibration isaccomplished by using a sample of solar analogues, whose averagetemperature is assumed to be equal to the solar effective temperature of5777 K. By taking into account all possible sources of error we estimateassociated uncertainties to better than 1% in effective temperature andin the range 1.0-2.5% in angular semi-diameter for unreddened stars.Comparison of our new temperatures with other determinations extractedfrom the literature indicates, in general, remarkably good agreement.These results suggest that the effective temperaure scale of FGK starsis currently established with an accuracy better than 0.5%-1%. Theapplication of the method to a sample of 10 999 dwarfs in the Hipparcoscatalogue allows us to define temperature and bolometric correction (Kband) calibrations as a function of (V-K), [m/H] and log g. Bolometriccorrections in the V and K bands as a function of T_eff, [m/H] and log gare also given. We provide effective temperatures, angularsemi-diameters, radii and bolometric corrections in the V and K bandsfor the 10 999 FGK stars in our sample with the correspondinguncertainties.
| The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| A systematic study of X-ray variability in the ROSAT all-sky survey
We present a systematic search for variability among the ROSAT All-SkySurvey (RASS) X-ray sources. We generated lightcurves for about 30 000X-ray point sources detected sufficiently high above background. For ourvariability study different search algorithms were developed in order torecognize flares, periods and trends, respectively. The variable X-raysources were optically identified with counterparts in the SIMBAD, theUSNO-A2.0 and NED data bases, but a significant part of the X-raysources remains without cataloged optical counterparts. Out of the 1207sources classified as variable 767 (63.5%) were identified with stars,118 (9.8%) are of extragalactic origin, 10 (0.8%) are identified withother sources and 312 (25.8%) could not uniquely be identified withentries in optical catalogs. We give a statistical analysis of thevariable X-ray population and present some outstanding examples of X-rayvariability detected in the ROSAT all-sky survey. Most prominent amongthese sources are white dwarfs, apparently single, yet neverthelessshowing periodic variability. Many flares from hitherto unrecognisedflare stars have been detected as well as long term variability in theBL Lac 1E1757.7+7034.The complete version of Table 7 is only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/403/247
| A ROSAT PSPC catalogue of X-ray sources in the SMC region
We present a catalogue of 517 discrete X-ray sources in a 6°x6°\field covering the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The catalogue wasderived from the pointed ROSAT PSPC observations performed betweenOctober 1991 and May 1994 and is complementary to the Large MagellanicCloud (LMC) catalogue published by \cite[Haberl & Pietsch(1999).]{H99} We followed the same identification scheme and used, amongother information, X-ray hardness ratios and spatial extent to classifyunknown sources as candidates for active galactic nuclei (AGN),foreground stars, supernova remnants (SNRs), supersoft sources (SSSs)and X-ray binaries. For 158 sources a likely source type is given, fromwhich 46 sources are suggested as background AGN (including candidatesresulting from a comparison of X-ray and radio images). Nearly all ofthe X-ray binaries known in the SMC were detected in ROSAT PSPCobservations; most of them with luminosities below \ergs{36} suggestingthat the fraction of high luminosity X-ray binary systems in theMagellanic Clouds (MCs) is not significantly larger than in our galaxy.Seventeen X-ray sources are associated with SNRs found in earlier workand we suggest here two additional extended sources as SNR candidates.Three very soft sources are newly classified as SSSs from which one isidentified with the symbiotic star LIN 358 in the SMC. Table 2 is onlyavailable in electronic form at CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Obscured AGB stars in the Magellanic Clouds. I. IRAS candidates
We have selected 198 IRAS sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and 11in the Small Magellanic Cloud, which are the best candidates to bemass--loosing AGB stars (or possibly post--AGB stars). We used thecatalogues of \cite[Schwering \& Israel (1990)]{ref42} and\cite[Reid et al. (1990)]{ref36}. They are based on the IRAS pointedobservations and have lower detection limits than the Point SourceCatalogue. We also made cross-identifications between IRAS sources andoptical catalogues. Our resulting catalogue is divided in 7 tables.Table \ref{tab1} lists optically known red supergiants and AGB stars forwhich we found an IRAS counterpart (7 and 52 stars in the SMC and LMC,respectively). Table \ref{tab2} lists ``obscured'' (or ``cocoon'') AGBstars or late-type supergiants which have been identified as such inprevious works through their IRAS counterpart and JHKLM photometry (2SMC and 34 LMC sources; no optical counterparts). Table \ref{tab3} listsknown planetary nebulae with an IRAS counterpart (4 SMC and 19 LMC PNe).Table \ref{tab4} lists unidentified IRAS sources that we believe to begood AGB or post--AGB or PNe candidates (11 SMC and 198 LMC sources).Table~\ref{tab5} lists unidentified IRAS sources which could be any typeof object (23 SMC and 121 LMC sources). Table \ref{tab6} lists IRASsources associated with foreground stars (29 SMC and 135 LMC stars).Table \ref{tab7} lists ruled out IRAS sources associated with HIIregions, hot stars, etc... We show that the sample of IRAS AGB stars inthe Magellanic Clouds is very incomplete. Only AGB stars more luminousthan typically 10^4 L_\odot and with a mass-loss rate larger thantypically 5 10^{-6} M_\odot/yr could be detected by the IRAS satellite.As a consequence, one expects to find very few carbon stars in the IRASsample. We also expect that most AGB stars with intermediate mass--lossrates have not been discovered yet, neither in optical surveys, nor inthe IRAS survey. Tables 1 to 8 are also available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| A catalog of far-ultraviolet point sources detected with the fast FAUST Telescope on ATLAS-1
We list the photometric measurements of point sources made by the FarUltraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST) when it flew on the ATLAS-1 spaceshuttle mission. The list contains 4698 Galactic and extragalacticobjects detected in 22 wide-field images of the sky. At the locationssurveyed, this catalog reaches a limiting magnitude approximately afactor of 10 fainter than the previous UV all-sky survey, TDl. Thecatalog limit is approximately 1 x 10-14 ergs A sq cm/s,although it is not complete to this level. We list for each object theposition, FUV flux, the error in flux, and where possible anidentification from catalogs of nearby stars and galaxies. Thesecatalogs include the Michigan HD (MHD) and HD, SAO, the HIPPARCOS InputCatalog, the Position and Proper Motion Catalog, the TD1 Catalog, theMcCook and Sion Catalog of white dwarfs, and the RC3 Catalog ofGalaxies. We identify 2239 FAUST sources with objects in the stellarcatalogs and 172 with galaxies in the RC3 catalog. We estimate thenumber of sources with incorrect identifications to be less than 2%.
| Stroemgren photometry of F- and G-type stars brighter than V = 9.6. I. UVBY photometry
Within the framework of a large photometric observing program, designedto investigate the Galaxy's structure and evolution, Hβ photometryis being made for about 9000 stars. As a by-product, supplementary uvbyphotometry has been made. The results are presented in a cataloguecontaining 6924 uvby observations of 6190 stars, all south ofδ=+38deg. The overall internal rms errors of one observation(transformed to the standard system) of a program star in the interval6.5
| OH/IR stars in the Magellanic Clouds
A group of IRAS sources in the LMC and SMC have been monitored in thenear infrared and pulsation period of over 1000 days have beendetermined for some of them. OH maser emission has been detected fromsome of the LMC objects. The OH line profiles indicate that stellar windvelocities in LMC stars are lower than in Galactic stars, a resultattributed to the lower metallicity in the LMC. Evidence is presentedthat reducing metallicity lowers mass loss rates from AGB stars providedthey do not turn into carbon stars. It is suggested that carbon starformation allows high mass loss rate to be maintained in AGB stars oflow metallicity. There is no convincing evidence that AGB stars evolvesignificantly beyond the classical AGB limit of M(bol) about -7.1.
| A comprehensive X-ray study of the Small Magellanic Cloud
A comprehensive analysis of the Einstein data base on the SMC ispresented. Twenty-four soures are classified as objects in the SMC, and13 as Galactic stars, AGN, and clusters of galaxies. The detecteddiscrete emitters account for less than half of the excess emissionassociated with the SMC. The extensive diffuse emission has an X-rayspectrum substantially softer than that of the discrete sources, whichis consistent with the presence of X-ray-emitting coronal gas associatedwith the SMC. A detailed study of the discrete sources is presented. AnX-ray source is found to vary in its X-ray luminosity by a factor largerthan 10 over a period of about 1 yr and has a relatively hard X-rayspectrum which apparently changes with the X-ray luminosity. It issuggested that this source, associated with a B1-type star, is a newhigh-mass X-ray binary in the Small Cloud.
| Positional reference stars in the Magellanic Clouds
The equatorial coordinates are determined of 926 stars (mainly ofgalactic origin) in the direction of the Magellanic Clouds at the meanepoch T = 1978.4 with an overall accuracy characterized by the meanvalues of the O-C coordinates, Sa = 0.35 arcsec and Sd = 0.38 arcsec,calculated from the coordinates of the Perth reference stars. Thesevalues are larger than the accuracy expected for primary standard stars.They allow the new positions to be considered as those of reliablesecondary standard stars. The published positions correspond to anunquestionable improvement of the quality of the coordinates provided inthe current catalogs. This study represents an 'astrometric step' in thestarting of a 'Durchmusterung' of the Magellanic Clouds organized by deBoer (1988, 1989).
| Infrared observations of the Magellanic Clouds. I - The Small Magellanic Cloud
Results of IRAS pointed observations in four infrared wavelength bands(12, 25, 60, and 100 microns) for the SMC are presented. Maps withorthogonal scan directions are shown, and a source list containing 219infrared sources is extracted from the data. Comparison with the IRASPoint Source Catalog (PSC) shows that only three entries in this catalogare spurious. All 13 entries in the IRAS Small Scale Structure Catalog(SSS) in the SMC are confirmed. Seventy-two new infrared sources, notincluded in either the PSC or in the SSS are found. The present SMCinfrared source list is compared to other object lists. Two blueglobular clusters, 28 SAO stars, and seven planetary nebulae areidentified. No SMC stars are found. In general there is a goodcorrelation of infrared emission with the distributiion of H II regionsand dark clouds.
| Hyades and Sirius supercluster members brighter than magnitude(V) 7.1. I - The first six hours of right ascension
This is the first of four papers listing the probable members of theHyades and Sirius superclusters among stars brighter than V = 7.1 mag.The star sample is contained in the Bright Star Catalogue and itsSupplement, augmented with a further supplement of 550 stars foundduring various observing programs over the past 40 years. Accurate,four-color and H-beta, or (RI), photometry is available for most of thesupercluster members. The criteria for membership are the comparisons ofthe proper motion, radial velocity, and luminosity obtained from thesupercluster parameters with the observed motions and the luminosityderived from the photometric parameters. New proper motions, based onall available catalogs, have been derived for the additional 550 starsdiscussed here, as well as for all supercluster members.
| A rediscussion of sulfur abundances in Magellanic Clouds and galactic H II regions
Near infrared spectra obtained with the ESO Reticon are presented for 23H II regions in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds and for one bluecompact galaxy from which S(2+) abundances are derived. The opticalspectra of these objects, taken from the literature, are reduced, usingthe most recent atomic data. The problem of correction for unseen ionsof sulfur is reexamined, and the sulfur abundances in the sample aredetermined. Some implications on the chemical evolution of galaxies arepresented, and the possibility of deriving sulfur abundances without thehelp of (S III) measurements is discussed in an appendix. The averageS/O ratio is found to be roughly the same in all the galaxiesconsidered, close to the solar value of 2.04 x 10 to the -2 andcompatible with a production of oxygen and sulfur in massive stars.
| Supernova remnant candidates in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Eighteen SNR candidates in the SMC deriving from X-ray, optical andradio observations have been examined at a frequency of 843 MHz. SixSNRs are confirmed, all with flux densities far above the radiodetection limit. Other identified radio sources from this sample includea quasar and an emission nebula. Comparison with Galactic SNRs suggestdifferences in the Sigma-D and N-D relations, but the number of SNRs inthe present sample is too small for good statistics. The birthrate ofSNRs in the SMC is roughly estimated as approximately one every 1000 yr.
| A magnitude limited stellar X-ray survey and the F star X-ray luminosity function
An X-ray survey has been conducted of stars brighter than visualmagnitude 8.5 that have serendipitously fallen into the fields of viewof the Imaging Proportional Counter of the Einstein Observatory. Thesurvey includes 227 separate 1 x 1 deg fields, containing 274 stars witha visual magnitude of no more than 8.5 and covering a wide range ofspectral types and luminosity classes. X-ray emission was detected from33 stars, and upper limits have been determined for the remainder of thesample. F type stars dominate the detected sample, and most of these areshown to be dwarfs. An X-ray luminosity function for dF stars has beendeduced, and reveals that the average 0.2-4.0 keV luminosity of thesestars is around 10 to the 29th erg/sec. Constraints have been placed onthe high luminosity tails and medians of the X-ray luminosity functionsfor other types of stars.
| Results from an extensive Einstein stellar survey
The preliminary results of the Einstein Observatory stellar X-ray surveyare presented. To date, 143 soft X-ray sources have been identified withstellar counterparts, leaving no doubt that stars in general constitutea pervasive class of low-luminosity galactic X-ray sources. Stars alongthe entire main sequence, of all luminosity classes, pre-main sequencestars as well as very evolved stars have been detected. Early type OBstars have X-ray luminosities in the range 10 to the 31st to 10 to the34th ergs/s; late type stars show a somewhat lower range of X-rayemission levels, from 10 to the 26th to 10 to the 31st ergs/s. Late typemain-sequence stars show little dependence of X-ray emission levels uponstellar effective temperature; similarly, the observations suggest weak,if any, dependence of X-ray luminosity upon effective gravity. Instead,the data show a broad range of emission levels (about three orders ofmagnitude) throughout the main sequence later than F0.
| X-ray survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud
A region of over 40 square degrees centered on the Small MagellanicCloud (SMC) has been surveyed with the imaging instruments of theEinstein Observatory. The survey is approximately complete to aluminosity of 10 to the 36th ergs/sec, and the faintest source detected,if in the SMC, has a luminosity of approximately 3 x 10 to the 35thergs/sec. Twenty-six sources were clearly seen. Five are identified withobjects not associated with the SMC. The only previously known sourcedetected was SMC X-1 which, when in a high state, is the brightestsource in the SMC. The second brightest source observed, a previouslyunknown supernova remnant (SNR), is located in the central part of theSMC. Four other weaker sources are probably also SNRs in the SMC. Theremaining 15 sources are not yet identified and, since some are far fromthe center of the cloud, are probably not all members of the SMC.
| Sir John Herschel's Observations of Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Not Available
| The interstellar reddening of the globular cluster 47 Tuc.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1975PASP...87..561C&db_key=AST
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Τουκάνα |
| Right ascension: | 00h50m52.41s |
| Declination: | -71°09'05.2" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 6.858 |
| Distance: | 38.85 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -13.5 |
| Proper motion Dec: | 38.3 |
| B-T magnitude: | 7.406 |
| V-T magnitude: | 6.904 |
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